The expense for the year = Options granted × Option price on grant date/6-year service period, but only for half the year (1 July to 31 December).
The expense for the year = 872,000 × £0.390/6 × 0.5 = £28,340
The Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) loss consists of actuarial gains and losses and the net return on plan asset
The underwriting expense ratio is an indicator of the efficiency of money spent on obtaining new premiums. The underwriting loss ratio is an indicator of the quality of a company’s underwriting activities—the degree of success an underwriter has achieved in estimating the risks insured.
The combined ratio, a measure of the overall underwriting profitability and efficiency of an underwriting operation, is the sum of these two ratios.
A combined ratio of less than 100% is considered efficient; a combined ratio greater than 100% indicates an underwriting loss.
Ratios involving:
Effect on financial statement and ratios under the current rate method
Only income statement items
すべての収入および費用は、その年の平均レートで換算されています。したがって、営業利益率など損益計算書の数値のみを含む比率は、換算による影響を受けません。
Balance sheet items (other than equity)
すべての資産および負債は、決算日レートで換算されます。したがって、流動比率のような資産・負債の数値のみを対象とする比率は、すべて換算の影響を受けません。
Both income statement and balance sheet items
2つの財務諸表は異なるレートで為替変換されているため、固定資産回転率（売上高/固定資産）は、偶然にも平均レートが決算レートと同じにならない限り、変換の前と後で同じ結果を提供することはほとんどありません。
Net sales growth equals organic sales growth plus or minus the effects of acquisitions, divestitures, and foreign exchange. A foreign currency translation loss would reduce net sales growth.
IFRSでは当期純利益を決定する際に、「損益に認識された為替差益の金額」を開示することを要求しています。企業は、外貨建ての取引損益を損益計算書の様々な場所で表示することができるため、取引損益の損益計上額と、使用した表示方法の選択肢の両方を開示することが有用である。
Crenland experienced hyperinflation from 31 December 2015 to 31 December 2017, as shown by the General Price Index, with cumulative inflation of 128.2% during this period. According to IFRS, Cendaró’s financial statements must be restated for local inflation, then translated into Norvoltian kroner using the current exchange rate. The 2017 revenue from Cendaró that should be included in Ambleu’s income statement is calculated as follows:
Revenue in CRG × (GPI 31 December 2017/GPI average 2017) = Inflation-adjusted revenue
Temporal Method
Common stock：historical
テンポラル法では非貨幣性資産・負債の未実現損益は無視されますが、カレントレート法では無視されません。
Current service cost is the present value of annual unit credit earned in the current period.Annual unit credit (benefit) per service year = Value at retirement / Years of service. Years of service = 15 (vested years of past service) + 7 (expected years until retirement) = 22. Annual unit credit = $393,949 / 22 = $17,906.77.
Current service cost (for 1 year)=Annual unit credit/[(1+Discount rate)(Years until retirement at the end of Year 1)=$17,906.77/(1+0.04)6=$14,151.98.
PVDBOを見積もるためには、将来の報酬増額、割引率、予想される権利確定など、多くの前提条件を設定する必要がある。仮定の変更により債務が増加する場合、その増加は数理計算上の損失と呼ばれる。
損失および損害調査費用比率は、以下のように計算されます。(損害費用+損害調査費用)/正味収入保険料。損害および損失調整費用比率は、アンダーライターが保険対象リスクの見積もりにおいて達成した成功の度合いを示します。比率が低いほど、保険リスクの見積りに成功したことを示します。The loss and loss adjustment expense ratio= (Loss Expense + Loss Adjustment Expense)/Net Premiums Earned
The average return on fixed-income assets is calculated as follows: Investment income from fixed income ÷ Average fixed-income assets.
Investment income = Interest income + Gains/losses from fixed-income investments = $6,610 + $300 = $6,910.
Average fixed-income assets including debt securities + Loan and deposits = (½)($8,800 + $141,000) + (½)($9,000 + $130,800) = $144,800.
Average return = 6,910 ÷ 144,800 = 4.8%.
保険業界にはバーゼルIIIのようなグローバルな規制基準は存在しないが、米国を含む様々な法域で資本基準が存在する。米国では、NAIC(National Association of Insurance Commissioners)が自己資本比率の最低基準を定めている。また、米国では、保険会社は、US GAAPやIFRSとは異なる法定会計規則に従って財務報告書を作成しています。
Allowance for Loan Losses /Net Loan Charge-Offs
IFRSとUSGAAPは、SPEを貸借対照表に連結することを要求しています。その結果、連結貸借対照表は、債権借入中の貸借対照表と同一となり、比率に変更はありません。
IFRS及び米国会計基準では、持分法で認識された減損損失は、後に公正価値が上昇した場合であっても戻し入れを 行うことが禁じられています。持分法適用会社では、のれんは投資価値に含まれ、個別にテストされません。のれんを超える減損損失は、持分法ではなく、投資家が投資先を支配している場合、ユニットの非現金資産に比例配分される。
負債性金融商品の再分類は、金融資産のビジネスモデル（金融資産を保有する目的）が業務に重大な影響を与える形で変更された場合にのみ認められます。
The full and partial goodwill method will have the same amount of debt; however, shareholders’ equity will be higher under full goodwill (and the debt to equity ratio will be lower). Therefore, the debt to equity will be higher under partial goodwill.
Under IFRS 9, FVPL and FVOCI securities are carried at market value, whereas amortized cost securities are carried at historical cost.
Under IFRS, SPEs must be consolidated if they are conducted for the benefit of the sponsoring entity. Further, under IFRS, SPEs cannot be classified as qualifying. Under US GAAP, qualifying SPEs (a classification which has been eliminated) do not have to be consolidated.
PL計上
Under IFRS,
periodic pension cost= the service cost (composed of current service and past service costs)+ the net interest expense or income
Under US GAAP
periodic pension cost=current service cost+the interest expense-expected return on plan assets+Amortization of past service costs
the current rate method must be used and all gains or losses from translation are reported as a cumulative translation adjustment to shareholder equity. When the foreign currency decreases in value (weakens), the current rate method results in a negative translation adjustment in stockholders’ equity.
under the temporal method, is reported in net income.
Under US GAAP, any past service costs will be reported in other comprehensive income and are amortized on the profit and loss statement over the average service lives of the employees. Under IFRS, the past service costs are recogniz
The yield on high quality corporate bonds is the appropriate discount rate that should be used to calculate the present value of the future benefits because it represents the rate at which the defined-benefit obligation could be effectively settled.
Conceptually speaking, only the current service cost component is considered an operating expense. Atlantic’s 2017 current service cost is $1,151. Both the interest expense and asset returns components of pension expense are non-operating.
